MOUHAMED number one N°1

[exlibris]

<img src="http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/09 ... ZZZZZZ.jpg" align="right">Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People
The following list of influential figures from world history comes from Michael H. Hart's book The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. In the book, Hart provides brief biographies of each of the individuals, as well as reasons for their ranking.




Note that many influential philosophies (such as Marxist Communism or Confucianism) are not always classified as organized "religions" in the traditional sense, but are classified as such by sociologists because they are a primary motivational worldview for individuals, cultures or subcultures. Also, many founders never considered themselves adherents of philosophies or religions which later bore their name.

In the table below, where there are two religions listed, the first one is the religion the person was born into. The second was the religion or philosophy the person later joined or founded. Comments in the "Influence" column are in bold when the influence is mainly in the realm of religion and philosophy.
Rank Name Religious Affiliation Influence

1-MUHAMMED ,Islam, Prophet of Islam; conqueror of Arabia; Hart recognized that ranking Muhammad first might be controversial, but felt that, from a secular historian's perspective, this was the correct choice because Muhammad is the only man to have been both a founder of a major world religion and a major military/political leader.

2 Isaac Newton Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism;
believed in the Arianism of
the Primitive Church) * physicist; theory of universal gravitation; laws of motion

3-Jesus Christ * Judaism; Christianity founder of Christianity

4 Buddha Hinduism; Buddhism founder of Buddhism

5 Confucius Confucianism founder of Confucianism

6 St. Paul Judaism; Christianity proselytizer of Christianity

7 Ts'ai Lun Chinese traditional religion inventor of paper

8 Johann Gutenberg Catholic developed movable type; printed
Bibles

9 Christopher Columbus Catholic explorer; led Europe to Americas

10 Albert Einstein Jewish * physicist; relativity; Einsteinian physics

11 Louis Pasteur Catholic scientist; pasteurization

12 Galileo Galilei Catholic * astronomer; accurately described heliocentric solar system

13 Aristotle Platonism / Greek philosophy influential Greek philosopher

14 Euclid Platonism / Greek philosophy mathematician; Euclidian geometry

15 Moses Judaism major prophet of Judaism

16 Charles Darwin Anglican (nominal) biologist; described
Darwinian evolution, which had theological impact on many religions

17 Shih Huang Ti Chinese traditional religion Chinese emperor

18 Augustus Caesar Roman state paganism ruler

19 Nicolaus Copernicus Catholic (priest) astronomer; taught heliocentricity

20 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Catholic * father of modern chemistry; philosopher; economist

21 Constantine the Great Roman state paganism; Christianity Roman emperor who made Christianity the state religion

23 Michael Faraday Sandemanian physicist; chemist; discovery of magneto-electricity

24 James Clerk Maxwell Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist * physicist; electromagnetic spectrum

25 Martin Luther Catholic; Lutheran founder of Protestantism and Lutheranism

26 George Washington Episcopalian; Deist first president of United States

27 Karl Marx Jewish; Christian;
Atheist; Marxism/Communism * founder of Communism

28 Orville and Wilbur Wright Protestant (nominal?) * inventors of airplane

29 Genghis Khan Mongolian shamanism Mongol conqueror

30 Adam Smith Liberal Protestant economist; expositor of capitalism; religious philosopher

31 Edward de Vere
a.k.a. "William Shakespeare" Christianity * literature; also wrote 6 volumes about philosophy and religion

32 John Dalton Quaker chemist; physicist; atomic theory; law of partial pressures (Dalton's law)

33 Alexander the Great Greek state paganism conqueror

34 Napoleon Bonaparte Catholic (nominal) * French conqueror

35 Thomas Edison Congregationalist; agnostic * inventor of light bulb, phonograph, etc.

36 Antony van Leeuwenhoek Calvinist * microscopes; studied microscopic life

37 William T.G. Morton ?? pioneer in anesthesiology

38 Guglielmo Marconi Catholic and Anglican * inventor of radio

39 Adolf Hitler born Catholic; proponent of Germanic Neo-Paganism and Nazism conqueror; led Axis Powers in WWII

40 Plato Platonism / Greek philosophy founder of Platonism

41 Oliver Cromwell Puritan (Protestant) British political and military leader
42 Alexander Graham Bell Unitarian-Universalist inventor of telephone

43 Alexander Fleming Catholic penicillin; advances in bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy

44 John Locke raised Puritan (Anglican);
Liberal Christian philosopher and liberal theologian
45 Ludwig van Beethoven Catholic composer

46 Werner Heisenberg * discovered the principle of uncertainty

47 Louis Daguerre ?? an inventor/pioneer of photography

48 Simon Bolivar Catholic (nominal); Atheist * National hero of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

49 Rene Descartes * Catholic Rationalist philosopher and mathematician

50 Michelangelo Catholic painter; sculptor

51 Pope Urban II Catholic called for First Crusade

52 'Umar ibn al-Khattab Islam Second Caliph; expanded Muslim empire

53 Asoka Buddhism king of India who converted to and spread Buddhism

54 St. Augustine Christianity Early Christian theologian

55 William Harvey Anglican (nominal) * discovered the circulation of the blood

56 Ernest Rutherford ?? physicist; pioneer of subatomic physics

57 John Calvin Protestant; Calvinism Protestant reformer; founder of Calvinism

58 Gregor Mendel Catholic (monk) Mendelian genetics

59 Max Planck Protestant * physicist; thermodynamics

60 Joseph Lister Quaker principal discoverer of antiseptics which greatly reduced surgical mortality

61 Nikolaus August Otto ?? built first four-stroke internal combustion engine

62 Francisco Pizarro Catholic Spanish conqueror in South America; defeated Incas

63 Hernando Cortes Catholic conquered Mexico for Spain

64 Thomas Jefferson Episcopalian; Deist; Unitarian * 3rd president of United States

65 Queen Isabella I Catholic Spanish ruler

66 Joseph Stalin Russian Orthodox; Atheist; Marxism revolutionary and ruler of USSR

67 Julius Caesar Roman state paganism Roman emperor

68 William the Conqueror Catholic laid foundation of modern England

69 Sigmund Freud Jewish (non-practicing); Atheist *
Freudian psychology/psychoanalysis founder of Freudian school of psychology; psychoanalysis

70 Edward Jenner Christianity * discoverer of the vaccination for smallpox

71 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen ?? discovered X-rays

72 Johann Sebastian Bach Lutheran; Catholic composer

73 Lao Tzu Taoism founder of Taoism

74 Voltaire raised in Jansenism;

later Deist * writer and philosopher; wrote Candide

75 Johannes Kepler Lutheran * astronomer; planetary motions

76 Enrico Fermi Catholic * initiated the atomic age; father of atom bomb
77 Leonhard Euler Calvinist physicist; mathematician; differential and integral calculus and algebra

78 Jean-Jacques Rousseau born Protestant;
converted as a teen to Catholic;
later Deist French deistic philosopher and author

79 Nicoli Machiavelli Catholic wrote The Prince (influential political treatise)

80 Thomas Malthus Anglican (cleric) economist; wrote Essay on the Principle of Population

81 John F. Kennedy Catholic president of United States

82 Gregory Pincus Jewish * endocrinologist; developed birth-control pill

83 Mani Manicheanism founder of Manicheanism, once a world religion which rivaled Christianity in strength

84 Lenin Russian Orthodox;
Atheist; Marxism/Communism [more] Russian ruler

85 Sui Wen Ti Chinese traditional religion unified China

86 Vasco da Gama Catholic navigator; discovered route from Europe to India around Cape Hood

87 Cyrus the Great Zoroastrianism founder of Persian empire

88 Peter the Great Russian Orthodox forged Russia into a great European nation

89 Mao Zedong Atheist; Communism; Maoism founder of Maoism, Chinese form of Communism

90 Francis Bacon Anglican * philosopher; delineated inductive scientific method

91 Henry Ford Protestant developed automobile

92 Mencius Confucianism philosopher; founder of a school of Confucianism

93 Zoroaster Zoroastrianism founder of Zoroastrianism

94 Queen Elizabeth I Anglican British monarch; restored Church of England to power after Queen Mary

95 Mikhail Gorbachev Russian Orthodox * Russian premier who helped end Communism in USSR

96 Menes Egyptian paganism unified Upper and Lower Egypt

97 Charlemagne Catholic Holy Roman Empire created with his baptism in 800 AD

98 Homer Greek paganism epic poet

99 Justinian I Catholic Roman emperor; reconquered Mediterranean empire; accelerated Catholic-Monophysite schism

100 Mahavira Hinduism; Jainism founder of Jainism

RU St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic influential early Christian philosopher

RU Archimedes Greek philosophy father of experimental science

RU Charles Babbage ?? mathematician and inventor of forerunner of computer

RU Cheops Egyptian paganism Egyptian ruler; builder of Great Pyramid

RU Marie Curie Catholic; nonreligious * physicist; radioactivity

RU Benjamin Franklin Presbyterian; Deist; Unitarian/Universalist * American politician and inventor

RU Mohandas Gandhi Hinduism; influenced by Jainism (mother was a Jain) Indian leader and Hindu religious reformer

RU Abraham Lincoln Regular Baptist (childhood);
later ambiguous -
Deist, general theist or
a very personalized Christianity * 16th president of U.S.; led during Civil War

RU Ferdinand Magellan Catholic navigator; named Pacific Ocean; first circumnavigation of globe

RU Leonardo da Vinci Catholic artist; inventor

[exlibris]

<img src="http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/09 ... ZZZZZZ.jpg" align="right">exerpts from hart's book

My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most
influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels...

Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive... Like all religions, Islam exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its followers. It is for this reason that the founders of the world's great religions all figure prominently in this book. Since there are roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the New Testament.

Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral principles. In addition, he played the key role in proselytizing the new faith, and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy scriptures, the Koran, a collection of certain of Muhammad's insights that he believed had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of these utterances were copied more or less faithfully during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together in authoritative form not long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed compilation of the teachings of Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians, the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the Koran has been enormous It is probable that the relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as influential in human history as Jesus.

Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most influential political leader of all time... the Arab conquests of the seventh century have continued to play an important role in human history, down to the present day. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human

[exlibris]

<img src="http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/09 ... ZZZZZZ.jpg" align="right">exerpts from Hart's book

3. JESUS CHRIST

c. 6 B.C. - c. 30 A.D.

The impact of Jesus on human history is so obvious and so enormous that few people would question his placement near the top of this list. Indeed, the more likely question is why Jesus, who is the inspiration for the most influential religion in history, has not been placed first.

There is no question that Christianity, over the course of time, has had far more adherents than any other religion. However, it is not the relative influence of different religions that is being estimated in this book, but rather the relative influence of individual men. Christianity, unlike Islam, was not founded by a single person but by two people—Jesus and St. Paul—and the principal credit for its development must therefore be apportioned between those two figures.

Jesus formulated the basic ethical ideas of Christianity, as well as its basic spiritual outlook and its main ideas concerning human conduct. Christian theology, however, was shaped principally by the work of St. Paul. Jesus presented a spiritual message; Paul added to that the worship of Christ. Furthermore, St. Paul was the author of a considerable portion of the New Testament, and was the main proselytizing force for Christianity during the first century.

Jesus was still fairly young when he died (unlike Buddha or Muhammad), and he left behind a limited number of disciples. At the time of Jesus' death, his followers simply formed a small Jewish sect. It was due in considerable measure to Paul's writings, and to his tireless proselytizing efforts, that this small sect was transformed into a dynamic and much greater movement, which reached non-Jews as well as Jews, and which eventually grew into one of the great religions of the world.

For these reasons, some people even contend that it is Paul, rather than Jesus, who should really be considered the founder of Christianity. Carried to its logical conclusion, that argument would lead one to place Paul higher on this list than Jesus! However, although it is not clear what Christianity would be like without the influence of St. Paul, it is quite apparent that without Jesus, Christianity would not exist at all.

However, it does not seem reasonable to consider Jesus responsible for all the things which Christian churches or individual Christians later did in his name, particularly since he would obviously disapprove of many of those things. Some of them—for example the religious wars between various Christian sects, and the barbaric massacres and persecutions of the Jews-are in such obvious contradiction to the attitudes and teachings of Jesus that it seems entirely unreasonable to say that Jesus inspired them.

Similarly, even though modern science first arose in the Christian nations of western Europe, it seems inappropriate to think of Jesus as responsible for the rise of science. Certainly, none of the early Christians interpreted the teachings of Jesus as a call for scientific investigation of the physical world. Indeed, the conversion of the Roman world to Christianity was accompanied and followed by a drastic decline in both the general level of technology and the general degree of interest in science.

That science did eventually arise in Europe is indeed an indication that there was something in the European cultural heritage that was favourable to the scientific way of thinking. That something, however, was not the sayings of Jesus, but rather Greek rationalism, as typified by the works of Aristotle and Euclid. It is noteworthy that modern science developed, not during the heyday of church power and of Christian piety, but rather on the heels of the Renaissance, a period during which Europe experienced a renewal of interest in its pre-Christian heritage.

The story of Jesus' life, as it is related in the New Testament, is familiar to most readers and will not be repeated here. However, a few points are worth noting. In the first place, most of the information that we have about Jesus' life is uncertain. We are not even sure what his original name was. Most probably it was the common Jewish name, Yehoshua (Joshua in English). The year of his birth, too, is uncertain, although 6 B.C. is a likely date. Even the year of his death, which must have been well known to his followers, is not definitely known today. Jesus himself left no writings behind, and virtually all our information concerning his life comes from the accounts in the New Testament.

Unfortunately, the Gospels contradict each other on various points. For example, Matthew and Luke give completely different versions of Jesus' last words; both of these versions, incidentally, are direct quotations from the Old Testament.

It was no accident that Jesus was able to quote from the Old Testament; though the progenitor of Christianity, he was himself a devout Jew. It has been frequently pointed out that Jesus was in many ways very similar to the Hebrew prophets of the Old Testament, and was deeply influenced by them. Like the prophets, Jesus had an extraordinarily impressive personality, which made a deep and lasting impression on the people who met him. He was charismatic in the deepest and fullest sense of the word.

However, in sharp contrast to Muhammad, who exercised political as well as religious authority, Jesus had virtually no influence on political developments during his own lifetime, or during the succeeding century. (Both men, of course, have had in enormous indirect influence on long-term political developments.) Jesus made his influence felt entirely as an ethical and spiritual leader.

If it was primarily as an ethical leader that Jesus left his mark, it is surely pertinent to ask to what extent his ethical ideas have influenced the world. One of Jesus' central precepts, certainly, was the Golden Rule. Today, the Golden Rule is accepted by most people, Christians and non-Christians alike, as a reasonable guide to moral conduct. We may not always act in accordance with it, but we usually try to do so. If Jesus had actually originated that almost universally accepted principle, he would surely have been the first man on this list.

In fact, though, the Golden Rule was an accepted precept of Judaism long before Jesus was born. Rabbi Hillel, the leading Jewish rabbi of the first century B.C., explicitly enunciated the Golden Rule and pronounced it the foremost principle of Judaism. Nor was the notion known only to the Western world. The Chinese philosopher Confucius had proposed it in about 500 B.C.., and the saying also appears in the Mahabharata, an ancient Hindu poem. In fact, the philosophy behind the Golden Rule is accepted by almost every major religious group.

Does this mean that Jesus had no original ethical ideas? Not at all! A highly distinctive viewpoint is presented in Matthew 5:43-44:

Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shall love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you. Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.

And a few lines earlier: "...resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other also."

Now, these ideas—which were not a part of the Judaism of Jesus' day, nor of most other religions—are surely among the most remarkable and original ethical ideas ever presented. If they were widely followed, I would have had no hesitation in placing Jesus first in this book.

But the truth is that they are not widely followed. In fact, they are not even generally accepted. Most Christians consider the injunction to "Love your enemy" as—at most—an ideal which might be realized in some perfect world, but one which is not a reasonable guide to conduct in the actual world we live in. We do not normally practice it, do not expect others to practice it, and do not teach our children to practice it. Jesus' most distinctive teaching, therefore, remains an intriguing but basically untried suggestion.

[IIuowolus]

Bin voilà, avant on les suspectait d'avoir un partie pris,
maintenant c'est certain...

[patlek]

Déjà, c' est un classement subjectif, et il n' est pas d' ordre moral:

39 eme position: Hitler...

[Atheos]

hahaha

Charlemagne en 97 ieme position et Louis Daguerre (probable inventeur de la photographie) en 47 ieme position

[patlek]

J' aime bien la signature du bouquin:

By Arturo Kukeni (ecrit pas trés gros) a descendant of Micheal H Hart (et là, Micheal H Hart, c' est écrit tréés gros!!))))


Je compte sortir un livre , il serat signé ainsi:

By patlek (ecrit en tout petit), un admirateur de EINSTEIN (là EINSTEIN ce serat écrit en énorme lettre!!)))))


MOOUUUUUHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!

[zered]

ridiculous

[exlibris]

MOHAMMED The Greatest!

The Weekly Newsmagazine "TIME" dated July 15, 1974, carried a selection of opinions by various historians, writers, military men, businessmen and others on the subject: "Who Were History's Great Leaders?" Some said that it was Hitler; others said - Gandhi, Buddha, Lincoln and the like. But Jules Masserman, a United States psychoanalyst put the standards straight by giving the correct criteria wherewith to judge. He said:

"LEADERS MUST FULFIL THREE FUNCTIONS:

(1) Provide for the well-being of the led,
(2) Provide a social organization in which people feel relatively secure
and
(3) Provide them with one set of beliefs."

With the above three criteria he searches history and analyses - Hitler, Pasteur, Gaesar, Moses, Confucius and the lot, and ultimately concludes:

"PEOPLE LIKE PASTEUR AND SALK ARE LEADERS IN THE FIRST SENSE. PEOPLE LIKE GANDHI AND CONFUCIUS, ON ONE HAND, AND ALEXANDER, CAESAR AND HITLER ON THE OTHER, ARE LEADERS IN THE SECOND AND PERHAPS THE THIRD SENSE. JESUS AND BUDDHA BELONG IN THE THIRD CATEGORY ALONE. PERHAPS THE GREATEST LEADER OF ALL TIMES WAS
MOHAMMED, WHO COMBINED ALL THREE FUNCTIONS. To a lesser degree, MOSES DID THE SAME."

According to the objective standards set by the Professor of the Chicago University, whom I believe to be Jewish, - JESUS and BUDDHA are now - here in the picture of the "Great Leaders of Mankind", but by a *BadWord* coincidence groups Moses and Muhummed together thus adding further weight to the argument that JESUS is not like MOSES, but MUHUMMED is like MOSES: Deut.18:18 "LIKE UNTO THEE" - Like MOSES!

Reverend James L. Dow in Collins Dictionary of the Bible gives further proof, that JESUS is not like MOSES, but MUHUMMED is like Moses: "AS A STATESMAN AND LAWGIVER MOSES IS THE CREATOR OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. HE FOUND A LOOSE CONGLOMERATION OF SEMITIC PEOPLE, NONE OF ......



*Also in "THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF RELIGION", Moses is looked upon in the different traditions. Under Moses in Islam; we read

"MOSES IS HIGHLY REGARDED IN ISLAM AS THE GREAT PROPHET WHO FORETOLD THE COMING OF MUHAMMAD, HIS SUCCESSOR...THERE IS MUCH IN THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD THAT IS IMPLICITLY REMINISCENT OF THE MOSES TRADITION.

P121, THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF RELIGION, Mircea Eliade (EDITOR IN CHIEF)
Volume 10, Macmillean Publishing Company

In conclusion, I end with a quotation of a Christian Reverend the commentator of the Bible, followed by that of his Master:

"THE ULTIMATE CRITERION OF A TRUE PROPHET IS THE MORAL CHARACTER OF HIS TEACHING."
(Prof. Dummelow.)

"BY THEIR FRUITS YE SHALL KNOW THEM."
(Jesus Christ)